The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of selective feed additives on the growth performance of broilers during 0-35 days. A total of 150 one day old commercial broiler chicks were randomly divided into five groups consisting of four treatment groups and a control group. During fifth week, mean body weight of group IV was significantly higher, when compared to control group and group V and not significantly differing from group II and group III. The FCR of group IV was lower in all the weeks (except 2nd week), when compared to control and other treatment groups.
Key words: Broilers, Feed Additive, Feed Conversion Ratio, Body Weight.
Poultry sector plays an important role in the economic development of the country. Poultry production in India has taken a quantum leap in the last four decades, emerging from use of unscientific farming practices to commercial production systems with state-of-the-art technological interventions. Broiler production has become a profitable and most popular income generating activity at present time for the people of the country. Two main goals of the broiler industry are to improve growth performance and optimize the quality of broiler meat. In addition, another objective at present is to produce healthy broiler meat without the addition of any antibiotics or growth promoters. This is considered to be important, as regulations in many countries prohibit the use of antibiotics and hormones for growth.
The feed additives in poultry feeding have assumed a position of prime importance and their use has become obligatory as it improves feed efficiency and growth rate which generally results in lowering the cost of egg or meat production. Due to adverse effects of chemical feed additives as growth promoters, there is an increased demand for organic meat (Munglang and Vidyarthi, 2019). Growth promoters are the substances that are added to a nutritionally balanced diet which provoke response towards the exploitation of maximum genetic potential of the host, in terms of growth as well as improvement in feed conversion efficiency. There are different types of growth promoters which are used to exploit the broiler industry like antibiotics, probiotics (bio-growth promoters), prebiotics, exogenous enzymes, antioxidants, coccidiostats etc. (Angelakis et al., 2013). Many other novel growth promoters include herbs, panchgavya elements and certain other nutritional substances (Dhama et al., 2013).
The use of botanicals (mainly spices and herbs) in traditional or folk veterinary medicinal system is a widely accepted practice in various countries, with regional preferences of herbs depending on their availability (Zeng et al., 2015). Dried powders or extracts or phytochemicals with significant bioactivities (antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, appetizing, immune-modulatory and gastroprotective) suitable for use as NGPs in feed have already been classified as ‘Phytogenics’ (Murugesan et al., 2015). Phytogenics are natural in origin, categorized Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), with desirable pharmacological activities suitable to tackle microbial threats and to promote intestinal health thereby optimizing growth performance and profitability in livestock (Murugesan et al., 2015). Many in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed the safety and efficacy of phytogenics in animal nutrition. Various kitchen spices and their essential oils and extracts including oregano, ginger, black cumin, turmeric, fenugreek, thyme, coriander, garlic, cinnamon, pepper, clove, rosemary and sage have already been used singly or in combination as feed additives in animal feeds (Valenzuela-Grijalva et al., 2017; Grashorn, 2010).
The main objective of adding feed additives is to boost animal performance by increasing their growth rate, better-feed conversion efficiency, greater livability and lowered mortality in poultry birds. Beneficial effects of bioactive plant substances in animal nutrition may include the stimulation of appetite and feed intake, the improvement of endogenous digestive enzyme secretion, activation of immune responses and antibacterial, antiviral and antioxidant actions (Toghyani et al., 2011). There is a need to evaluate scientifically the usefulness of phytogenically derived feed additives. Therefore, a few commonly used feed additives are evaluated in the present study to assess the effects of selective feed additives on the growth performance of broilers.
A biological experiment was conducted to study the morphological and biochemical effects of selective feed additives on the performance of broiler chicken for duration of five weeks. The experiment was conducted at the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru, during the year 2021-22. The study was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) (VCH/IAEC/2020/09, Date: 23/12/2020) and an experiment was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the IAEC. A total of 150 one day-old Cobb-500 broiler chicks with uniform body weight were procured from a reputed commercial hatchery. The chicks were weighed and allocated randomly into five experimental groups and each group consisting of thirty chicks per treatment. The chicks were reared in deep litter system with standard managemental practices till 5 weeks of age. The birds were kept in properly disinfected shed. The availability of diet and water was ad libitum throughout the study. 150 one day-old Cobb-500 broiler chicks with uniform body weight for the experimental study procured from M/s Nutri feeds and farm private limited, Bengaluru. Chicks were weighed and randomly distributed to five treatment groups in completely randomized design.
Broiler feed was obtained from Department of Poultry Science, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru. Birds were fed with broiler pre starter diet (0-10 days), starter diet (11- 21 days) and finisher diet (22-35 days). The basal diet was formulated as per the ICAR 2013 specifications. The ingredient composition, calculated nutrient values and analyzed nutrient values for the basal diet is given in Table 2. Each of the treatment groups were fed with different types of experimental diets from zero day to five weeks as in Table 1. The control group (Group I) was fed with basal diet; Group II was fed with combined feed additives (Each 100.0 grams contain Curcumin –2.0 g and Capsaicinoids-50.0 mg), 1.0 g per kg of feed on basal diet; Group III was fed with combined feed additives (each kg contains tributyrine-400.0 g and trivalerin- 100.0 g), 0.5 g per kg of feed on basal diet; Group IV was fed with combined feed additives (containing Polymeric Silicate, Polyphenols, Tannins, Capsaicin, curcumin Trivalerin, Allicin ) 0.15 g per kg of feed on basal diet; Group V was fed with Herbal vitamin E powder (1.0 g per 5.0 kg of feed), respectively. Feed additives are supplied and research is sponsored by GROEXL VET PVT LTD, Bangalore
The experimental chicks were vaccinated against Newcastle disease on day 7 with F1 strain and against Infectious bursal disease on day 14 with intermediate strain through intra ocular route. The booster doses against ND and IBD were given on 21st day and 28th day with Lasota and Intermediate strains, respectively. During the course of the experiment, the data on growth performance parameters such as weekly body weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and survivability were recorded.
The effect of dietary supplementation of selective feed additives on mean weekly body weight (g) from first to five weeks of age is presented in Table 3. The mean body weights were 2216.57±125.39, 2304.71±87.64, 2314.57±70.74, 2439.14±113.27 and 2209.14±69.02 in Groups I to V respectively at the end of the experiment. It was observed that from first week till the end of fourth week, no significant difference in the body weights were recorded among different supplemented groups and the control group. However during fifth week, mean body weight of group IV was significantly higher when compared to control and group V. The values of FCR with different dietary treatments have been shown in Table 4. The FCR values recorded at the end of the fifth week were 1.83, 1.65, 1.64, 1.49 and 1.78 in Groups I to V respectively. It was noticed that in the first week, the FCR value of group IV was lower and in other groups the value increased in the order of group V, group III, group II and then group I. During second week the FCR value of group II was lower and in other groups the value increased in the order of group IV, group III, group V and then group I. During third, fourth and fifth week the FCR value of group IV was lower and in other groups the value increased in the order of group III, group II, group V and then group I. The FCR of group IV was lower in all the weeks (except 2nd week), when compared to control and other treated groups.
The group IV was fed with combined feed additives with different levels of polymeric silicate, polyphenols, tannins, capsaicin, curcumin, trivalerin and allicin; however, the individual effect of these feed additives was studied previously with respect to body weight and FCR and the results of individual studies on feed additives have shown the increase in body weight and decrease in FCR, which is in accordance with the combined effect of feed additives in this study. Increased body weight and decreased FCR could be due to improved digestion and oxidant property and improved gut health leading to better utilization of feed.
The supplementation of polyphenol extract improved the growth performance vis-a-vis control with respect to final body weight, weight gain and feed consumption as reported by Omar et al. (2020) and Gopi et al. (2020).
Gopi et al. (2020) also inferred that the supplemented polyphenols did not supply protein or energy to the broilers; however, due to their antioxidant activity there was numerical improvement in feed utilization. The improvement in production performance in supplemented groups could be attributed to the combination of increase in feed consumption and reduction in environmental stress.
Perin et al. (2019) noticed that the use of tannin in the diet of broiler chicks as an additive (at 0.5 % for first 10 days and 1.0 % from 11-42 days) enhanced their bodyweight, weight gain and daily weight gain on day 42 of age, compared with the untreated control group. Similar findings were also observed by Mannelli et al. (2019) and Liu et al. (2020). While Liu et al. (2020) observed that the average daily bodyweight gain was higher and feed conversion ratio was lower in broilers fed basal diet added with 1,000 mg per kg chestnut tannins than in those fed control at the finisher phase.
Liu et al. (2020) also suggested that the improvement in production performance was due to the higher crude protein retention in tannic acid supplemented diets of experimental broilers. Chestnut wood extract as a source of hydrolysable tannins was well absorbed and enhanced the digestive enzyme activities in the gastrointestinal tract of experimental broilers that might had a role in improving crude protein digestibility. Similarly, Molino et al. (2018) observed that chestnut hydrolysable tannins were easily available for microbial fermentation as it has prebiotic activity that may be beneficial for nutrient utilization.
Aydogan et al. (2020) in their study observed that the groups which had garlic added to the diets showed numerical improvement in FCR. Similarly, Ismail et al. (2021) found that feeding of 0.75 g garlic powder per kg led to heaviest final body weight gain compared to the other diets. The better effect of garlic as natural feed additives might be due to increased enzymes activity of pancreas, which offer a better environment for digestion and absorption of nutrients. While Ross et al. (2001) opined that the improvement in body weight gain achieved when broilers fed with garlic was due to dialkylpolysulphide, an antibacterial compound present in garlic playing axial role in broiler weight gain.
Inclusion of hot red pepper (Capsicum Annum) at different levels from 0.5 to1.0 per cent in the broiler diets improved the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio as compared to the control group (Al-Kassei et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2021).
Studies showed that capsaicin could stimulate capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurons after entering the body, thus leading to the secretion of endogenous Calcitonin gene-related peptide (Evangelista, 2009). Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been proved to promote the secretion of growth hormone (GH) in the body (Nakamura et al., 1998). The increase of GH concentration may also be one of the reasons for the improvement of growth performance in broilers fed natural capsaicin extract. The improvement in growth performance of broilers may also be due to the capsaicin, as capsaicin has been proved to have antioxidant capacities and anti-inflammatory activities (Liu et al., 2012).
Rajput et al. (2013), Johannah et al. (2018) and Badran (2020) showed that the addition of curcumin improved the body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio in birds compared to those of control birds.
This positive effect might be due to the well reported anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial activities (Chattopadhyay et al., 2004) or prebiotic like effects of curcumin, as reported by Niamsa and Sittiwet (2009). Emadi and Kermanshahi (2007), reported that Curcuma longa improved FCR in broilers and their beneficial effects might be due to enhanced secretions of amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin and lipase enzymes.
Onrust et al. (2018) in their results observed that during the grower phase the FCR was 0.04 units lower, and body weight was increased with an average of 56 grams when the chickens received valeric acid glycerides added to the diet compared to chickens in the control group. Onrust et al. (2018) also submitted that the valeric acid increases the density of GLP-2 (Glucagon-like peptide-2) cells and thereby GLP-2 production in the intestine of chickens which stimulates intestinal growth and helps to improve broilers gut health and performance.
This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of selective feed additives on the growth performance of broilers for duration of five weeks. In the group II, birds fed with curcumin and capsaicin showed numerical increase in body weight along with improvement in FCR values compared to control group at the end of experiment. In the group III, birds fed with butyric acid and valeric acid revealed numerical increase in body weight and improvement in FCR compared to control during fifth week of experiment. It was observed that group IV birds fed with combined feed additives with different levels of polymeric silicate, polyphenols, tannins, capsaicin, curcumin, trivalerin and allicin showed significantly higher body weight and improvement in FCR when compared to control group at the end of the experiment. In the group V birds fed with herbal extract of vitamin E showed moderate increase in body weight along with marginal improvement in FCR compared to control at the end of the experiment.
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| Sl. No. | Experimental groups | Total number of birds | Description of the treatment |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Group I | 30 birds | Control (Basal diet) |
| 2 | Group II | 30 birds | Combined feed additives (Each contain Curcumin – 2.0 g and Capsaicinoids-50.0 mg), 1.0 g per kg of feed on basal diet. |
| 3 | Group III | 30 birds | Combined feed additives (Each kg contains esterified Butyric acid 400.0 g and esterified Valeric acid 100.0 g), 0.5 g per kg of feed on basal diet |
| 4 | Group IV | 30 birds | Combined feed additives (containing Polymeric Silicate Polyphenols, Tannins, Capsaicin, Curcumin, Trivalerin, Allicin ) 0.15 g per kg of feed on basal diet. |
| 5 | Group V | 30 birds | Herbal vitamin E powder 1.0 g per 5.0 kg of feed on basal diet. |
| Ingredients | Pre starter (0-10 days) | Starter (11-21 days) | Finisher (22-35 days) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yellow maize | 53.5 | 55 | 58.5 |
| Soya bean meal (46%) | 40.0 | 37.5 | 32.5 |
| Vegetable oil | 2.5 | 4.0 | 5.5 |
| Mineral mixture* | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Dicalcium Phosphate | 1.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| Common salt | 0.3 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
| Vitamin premix ** | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| DL-Methionine | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| B-complex | 0.1 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
| Trace mineral | 0.05 | ||
| Nutrient composition | |||
| ME (Kcal/kg) b | 2966.6 | 3074.89 | 3138.22 |
| Crude protein (%) b | 22.89 | 19.22 | 18.09 |
| Calcium (%) a | 1.01 | 0.91 | 0.855 |
| Phosphorous (%) a | 0.46 | 0.37 | 0.355 |
| Lysine (%) a | 1.4 | 1.18 | 1.03 |
| Methionine (%) a | 0.49 | 0.39 | 0.342 |
* Mineral mixture: Each 100 g contains Magnesium oxide- 1.48 g, Ferrous sulphate-6.0 g, copper sulphate- 0.05 g, Manganese Sulphate-0.04 g, Potassium Iodide- 0.001 g, Potassium Chloride-17.09 g and Sodium selenite- 0.001 g.
** Vitamin-mineral Premix: Each 100 g contains Vitamin AD3 (Vitamin A-10,00,000 IU/ g, Vitamin D 200000 IU/ g)- 0.165 g, Vitamin K3-0.103 g, Vitamin E- 2.4 g, Thiamine Mononitrate- 0.206 g, Riboflavin- 0.513 g, Pyridoxine hydrochloride-0.309 g, Cyanocobalamine- 0.00031 g, Folic acid 0.103 g, Niacin-4.124 g, Ca-D- Pantothenate- 1.031 g, Biotin- 1.5 g, Maltodextrine- 89.545 g.
acalculated values; banalyzed values.
| Groups | 1st Week | 2nd Week | 3rd Week | 4th Week | 5th Week |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | 167.00±2.26a | 462.92±5.97a | 922.78±23.51a | 1554.17±69.48a | 2216.57±125.39a |
| II | 170.67±2.30a | 482.92±6.58a | 952.22±18.02a | 1598.33±43.46a | 2304.71±87.64ab |
| III | 171.00±2.55a | 474.17±7.78a | 947.22±28.07a | 1625.00±45.18a | 2314.57±70.74ab |
| IV | 176.33±2.42a | 483.33±8.59a | 973.89±22.48a | 1614.17±63.07a | 2439.14±113.27b |
| V | 172.33±2.43a | 474.58±7.30a | 914.44±18.67a | 1549.17±36.19a | 2209.14±69.02a |
Mean values bearing at least one common superscript within columns did not differ significantly (p>0.05)
| Groups | 1st Week | 2nd Week | 3rd Week | 4th Week | 5th Week |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | 1.09 | 1.25 | 1.60 | 1.54 | 1.83 |
| II | 1.02 | 1.22 | 1.51 | 1.47 | 1.65 |
| III | 1.01 | 1.24 | 1.49 | 1.46 | 1.64 |
| IV | 0.97 | 1.23 | 1.45 | 1.45 | 1.49 |
| V | 1.00 | 1.25 | 1.58 | 1.53 | 1.78 |